Types of toilet and their suitability
Practical Action
References and Further Reading
Low-cost Sanitation; A survey of practical experience, J. Pickford, 1995, Practical Action
Publishing, ISBN 9781853392337
Environmental Sanitation, S.A. Esrey, U. Winblad et. al. 1999 SIDA. Sweden.
Composting Toilets website
Ecological Sanitation in India and Sri Lanka, Paul Calvert
Ecological Sanitation a Success in Sri Lanka Paul Calvert, Ajith Seneviratne, D.G.J.
Premakumara and Udani A. Mendis Waterlines Vol.21 No 1 July 2002
Toilets that Make Compost P Morgan Practical Action Publishing 2008
Shit Matters Mehta and Movik Practical Action Publishing 2010
Practical Action Technical Briefs Waste Management Sanitation Technologies
Practical Action Publishing titles on Sanitation
Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text Second Edition.
Cairncross S, Feachem R (1993) Wiley, UK
A guide to the development of on-site sanitation. Franceys, R., Pickford, J. and Reed, R.
(1992) World Health organisation (WHO), Geneva.
Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and programme design. Harvey, Peter, Baghri,
Sohrab and Reed, Bob (2002) Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC),
Loughborough University, UK.
Meeting the MDG Water and Sanitation Targets. JMP (2004)Joint Monitoring Program
(JMP) conducted by WHO and UNICEF.
The Experience Of Condominial Water And Sewerage Systems In Brazil. Melo, Jose
Carlos (2005) Water and Sanitation Program (WSP).
On-Site Sanitation in Areas with a High Groundwater Table. Scott, Rebecca (2005)
WELL Factsheet. WELL, Loughborough University, UK.
Health Impacts of Improved Household Sanitation. Scott, Beth (2006) WELL Factsheet,
WELL, Loughborough University, UK.
UNEP (2002) International Source Book On Environmentally Sound Technologies
for Wastewater and Stormwater Management. United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP) website.
WELL (1998) DFID Guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes.
British Department for International Development (DFID), produced by WELL,
Loughborough University, UK.
This Technical Brief was produced by Niall Boot for Practical Action, August
2008.
Practical Action
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Tel: +44 (0)1926 634400
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Practical Action is a development charity with a difference. We know the simplest ideas can have the
most profound, life-changing effect on poor people across the world. For over 40 years, we have been
working closely with some of the world’s poorest people - using simple technology to fight poverty and
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